Neural Network Playground

Ch. 9 · The Algorithm That Changed Everything

Minsky proved a single-layer network can't learn XOR. Backpropagation proved him wrong. Watch a neural network learn in real time — then add layers to see why depth matters.

Step 1: Click Train to try learning XOR with a single-layer network. It will fail — just like Minsky predicted in 1969.

Data Pattern

Epoch

Loss

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Accuracy

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Layers

Network Architecture

Decision Boundary

■ Class 1 ■ Class 0
The colored regions show what the network predicts at each point. Watch the boundary form as training progresses.